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The Thailand type of mango, often known as the Thai perennial variety, provides great produce in all seasons. This mango is really sweet to consume.Farmers may harvest the Thailand type of mango three times each year. This species is unique in that it begins to produce fruit within two years of being planted in the field.

Mango is also regarded as the "king of fruits" . Farmers have an excellent source of income by cultivating it. Ideally, producers can only pick mango fruit once a year. However, there are so many types of this fruit available now that farmers may produce it all year. A perinneal variety of mango was introduced just a few days ago at the All India Farmers Fair in Pant Nagar. It is stated that this kind is capable of being harvested. three times a year. It is more sweeter than other types of mango. This variety is the Thai perennial sweet mango.

Time taken by fruit to appear

If you cultivate this thai perennial sweet mango and take take care of it properly, you will see results within two years. One might believe that because of its rapid production, the fruit would be lacking in taste and health benefits, however this variety excels in all areas.

Also to read:prevent mango flowers and fruits from falling in March by this way,treatment of diseases of mango tree

Scientists believe that this mango variety contains no  viruses. No virus has a specific effect on this tree in any season. Furthermore, growers may harvest up to 50 kg of mango from this variety after five years.

Who Developed this Type?

According to media sources, Bangladeshi scientists are credited with inventing the type. It is referred to by several names in different regions. In a few states, it is also known as Kati Mana. This variety has experienced the maximum production in the states of Punjab, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat.

This year, too, due to the late advent of the winter season, the minimum temperature in the last week of January has been below 10 degrees Celsius for more than a week, and the farmer wants to know if the mangoes will be fine. Will it come early or late? The current environmental circumstances indicate a possible delay in arrival. To guarantee maximum fruit output, mango trees require a favourable blooming habitat. Several factors contribute to good flowering, including meteorological conditions and soil quality, as well as adequate tree care and orchard management.

Climate & Temperature

In tropical and subtropical settings, the mango tree need two and a half to three months of dry and cold weather to develop successfully. The optimal temperature for flowering is between 77°F and 95°F (25°C to 35°C). Cold temperatures prevent blooming, thus frost protection is needed. Furthermore, the cold time of winter, when temperatures dip to around 50°F (10°C), accelerates the arrival of flowers, resulting in them arriving later in the year.

Also to  read: 42% of mango crop damaged due to rapid bug infestation

Lighting needs

In general, mango plants enjoy exposure to sunshine. To promote seedling development and health, at least 6 to 8 hours of direct sunshine are necessary every day. Adequate sunshine promotes photosynthesis, which provides the energy required for blooming and fruit production.

Soil Quality

Mango trees thrive on well-drained, loamy soil with a pH ranging from slightly acidic to neutral (6.0-7.5). A good soil structure promotes optimal aeration and root growth. Regular soil testing and amendment with organic matter helps to maintain nutrient levels and provide ideal blooming conditions.

Water Management

Mango trees require regular and enough irrigation, particularly during blossoming. However, wet situations should be avoided, since they might cause root rot. A well-managed irrigation system that provides moisture without waterlogging aids in blooming and subsequent fruit development. The farmer wants to know if he may irrigate shortly before or during blossoming. The right answer is that irrigation should not be done at this time since it may exacerbate the problem of crop loss, resulting in a loss for the farmer.

Nutrient management

Mango flowers require proper nutrition levels. During various growth phases, employ a balanced fertiliser rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Micronutrients like zinc play a key role in flower initiation and development. Regular soil testing aids in the exact administration of fertilisers.

Also read: How do you deal with mango leaf tip burn?

Sorting and Training

Pruning shapes the tree, removes dead or diseased branches, and allows sunlight to penetrate more easily. Open canopies improve air circulation, lowering the incidence of flower-related illnesses. Proper branch training encourages an upright growth habit, which allows plants greater sunshine exposure.

Pest and Disease Management

Pests and illnesses can harm flowers. Regular monitoring and the timely application of suitable pesticides aid in infection prevention. Proper cleanliness, such as cleaning fallen leaves and trash, lessens the danger of illnesses like anthracnose, which harms flowers.

Pollination

Mango trees are predominantly cross-pollinated, with insect pollinators like bees playing a significant role. Maintaining a diversified habitat surrounding mango crops encourages natural pollination. When natural pollination is insufficient, hand pollination methods can be used to promote fruit sets.

Cooling Needs

Mango trees frequently require a cooling time before flowering. In locations where winter temperatures do not naturally drop, tactics such as using growth regulators or artificial chilling methods are used to induce the production of flower buds.

Also read: What to do if your mango tree is drying from top to bottom (top dieback)?

Disease Resistance

Planting disease-resistant mango types helps maintain the tree healthy and prevents illnesses from interfering with the flowering process. A healthy mango orchard requires regular monitoring and timely intervention against diseases such as powdery mildew and bacterial infection.

Finally, producing a favourable blooming environment for mango requires a comprehensive strategy that considers climatic conditions, soil quality, water management, nutritional balance, pruning, pest and disease control, pollination techniques, and particular cooling requirements. Is involved. By resolving these issues, producers may promote blooming, which will boost fruit output and overall orchard performance.

In North India, especially Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, the appearance of mango starts in the second week of February, it is determined by the different varieties of mango and the temperature at that time. Mango (Mangifera indica) is the most important tropical fruit in India. In India, it is mainly cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Bihar. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Government of India for the year 2020-21, mango is cultivated in 2316.81 thousand hectares in India, from which 20385.99 thousand tonnes are produced. The national productivity of mango is 8.80 tonnes per hectare. In Bihar, it is cultivated in 160.24 thousand hectares area from which 1549.97 thousand tonnes of production is obtained. The productivity of mango in Bihar is 9.67 tonnes per hectare. Which is slightly higher than the national productivity.

To increase the productivity of mangoes, it is necessary to know how to scientifically manage the orchard after planting of Manjar Tikola. Flowering is an important stage in mango as it directly affects the fruit yield. Flowering in mangoes is highly dependent on variety and environmental conditions. Thus, proper management strategies adopted during the flowering stage of mango directly affect fruit production.

Arrival of mango blossom

Mango trees usually begin flowering when mature after 5-8 years of growth, before which the flowers should be plucked. The flowering season of mango in North India generally begins in mid-February. Mango flowering initiation requires 20-25°C during the day time and 10-15°C during the night with bright sunlight. However, depending on the timing of flowering, fruit development begins by May–June. High humidity, frost, or rain during the flowering period affects flower formation. Cloudy weather during flowering helps in the spread of mango hopper and powdery mildew and anthracnose diseases, which hampers the growth and flowering of mango.

Also read: Favorable environmental conditions and orchard management for mango flowering

What effect does flowering have on fruit production in mango?

Mango flowers are small, yellow, or pinkish-red depending on the mango species, clustered in clusters that hang down from the branches. They are bisexual flowers but cross-pollination by pollinators contributes to the maximum fruit set. Common pollinators include bees, wasps, moths, butterflies, flies, beetles, and ants. The number of flowers produced and the duration of the flowering stage directly affect fruit yield. However, flowering is influenced by many factors such as temperature, humidity, sunlight, insect and disease infestation, and availability of water and nutrients. These factors affect the timing and intensity of flowering. If the above factors are not optimal during the flowering stage, it will result in fewer or smaller fruits. Not all flowers produced will produce fruit. Proper pollination is essential for the fruit to fully set and develop. Even after adequate pollination, only a certain proportion of flowers form due to the mass dropping of flowers and fruits due to several factors such as weather conditions and insect infestation. This ultimately affects the yield and quality of fruits. The timing, duration, and intensity of flowering significantly affect fruit production in mango trees.

Mango Flower Management
Traction actions

Proper cutting and pruning of mango trees after harvesting of the fruit results in good and healthy flowers. Pruning – Due to lack of pruning, the mango canopy becomes dense, due to which light is not able to penetrate the internal parts of the tree and thus flowering and yield are reduced. Pruning the tips of the branches triggers flowering. The best time to prune is after the fruit has been harvested, usually from June to August. Tip pruning, done 10 cm above the last internode, improves flowering. Girdling is a method used to induce the formation of fruit buds in mangoes. It involves removing strips of bark from the trunk of the mango tree. It increases flowering, fruit set, and fruit size by increasing foliar carbohydrates and plant hormones in the aboveground parts of the girdle by blocking the downward transfer of metabolites through the phloem. By making a circle at the time of emergence of inflorescence, the accumulation of fruits increases. The depth of girdling should be kept in mind. Excessive girth depth can damage the tree. This work should be done only after expert supervision or training.

Plant Growth Regulator (PGR)

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are used to control flowering and increase yields by influencing the physiological processes that control plant growth and development. NAAs also help prevent flowering, bud drop, and fruit ripening. They help in increasing fruit size, increasing and improving fruit quality and yield. Planofix @ 1ml The medicine should be dissolved in 3 liters of water and sprayed just before the flowers emerge and the second spraying should be done when the fruit is equal to a pea. This spraying is necessary to prevent the tikolo (small mango fruits) from falling. To promote flowering, apply phosphorus fertilizer at the pre-flowering stage. Adequate potassium levels can enhance flowering in mango trees and increase the number of flowers and fruits. Potassium helps transport nutrients and water to the fruit, which is essential for its growth and size. It also helps in increasing the resistance of plants to moisture stress, heat, frost, and disease. The use of micronutrients gives better results by improving flowering, fruit quality, and controlling fruit drop. 

Also read: How to manage the problem of tip burn of mango leaves?

Pests and Disease Management

During flowering and fruit formation, the chances of insect and disease infestation are high, leading to premature drop of flowers and fruits. Mango hopper, flower gall midge, mealy bug, and leaf webber are the major pests attacking mango flowers. Mango powdery mildew, mango malformation, and anthracnose are diseases that affect mango flowers resulting in reduced fruit growth. Check the symptoms and management of pests and diseases in mango flowers to increase the fruit yield - Diseases and pests in mango flowers should be managed.

For the last 4-5 years, the problem of the mealy bug (Gujiya) has been increasing year by year in Bihar. For the management of this pest, it is necessary to clean the garden around December-January and sprinkle Chlorpyrifos 1.5 D. dust @ 250 grams per tree in the soil and to prevent mealy bug (Gujiya) insects from climbing the tree, a 45 cm strip of alkaline should be tied with twine around the main stem of the mango. By doing this this insect will not be able to climb the tree. If you have not done this before and the Gujiya insect has climbed the tree, then in such a situation apply Dimethoate 30 EC. Or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 1.5 ml should be dissolved in per liter of water and sprayed. In mango orchards that are not managed properly, there are a large number of hoppers or maggot insects, hence the sunlight must reach the ground in the orchard. Where the orchard is dense, there also the number of these insects is higher. When insects appear on trees, these insects are very good food sources for these insects, due to which there is a huge increase in the number of these insects. The second sign of the presence of these insects is when we go near the garden. When we go, swarms of insects come near us. If these insects are not managed, they suck the juice from the plant and the plant falls. When 10-12 maggots are visible per blossom, then we should spray Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 1 ml dissolved in 2 liters of water. This spraying should be done before the flowers bloom, otherwise, the bees coming to the garden get affected, which reduces pollination and affects the yield. 

           For the management of Powdery Mildew/Kharra disease, it is necessary to spray soluble sulfur @ 2 grams/liter dissolved in water before the arrival of the disease. When the temperature exceeds 35 degrees Celsius, the severity of this disease starts reducing automatically.

Also read: How to manage if the mango tree is drying from top to bottom (top dieback)?

The blossoms suffering from Gumma disease should be cut and removed. If there is a problem with stem borer or leaf-cutting insects in the garden, then use Quinalphos 25 EC. @ 2 ml of medicine should be dissolved in / liter of water and sprayed. But it is worth noting that from just before the flowers bloom to when the flowers are in bloom, do not use any chemicals at any time, otherwise, pollination is badly affected and there is a possibility of the soft parts of the flower getting injured.

5. Pollination

    The mango flower has both male and female reproductive organs in the same flower. However, mango flowers are relatively small and do not produce large amounts of pollen. Therefore, they rely heavily on pollinators such as flies, wasps, and other insects to transfer pollen between flowers. Without pollination, mango flowers may not produce fruit, or the fruit may become small or misshapen. Mango yield increases through cross-pollination. It is important to note that insecticides and fungicides should not be sprayed during the full bloom stage as pollination by insects will be affected at this time which will reduce the yield. To get a good yield from the mango orchard, it would be good to keep bee colony boxes in the mango orchard, this helps in good pollination and more fruits are produced. 

6. Weather Conditions

  Optimum weather conditions during flowering increase successful fruit set rates and yields. For example, excessive wind speed causes flowers and fruits to fall en masse. Thus, it is necessary to protect mango orchards from wind by installing windbreaks or shelterbelts.

Also read: Professor in this state is earning profits worth lakhs from mango farming 

7. Water Management

  Mango trees require adequate amounts of water, especially during the growing season. Insufficient or excessive watering can reduce fruit yield and quality. Proper water management also helps prevent diseases and pests, which thrive in moist environments. In hot and dry climates, irrigation can help increase humidity levels and reduce temperature fluctuations, providing a more favorable environment for mango growth. Excessive irrigation can reduce soil temperature, resulting in reduced plant growth and development. On the other hand, inadequate watering can increase soil temperatures, damaging plant roots and reducing yields. Thus, effective water management is essential to ensure healthy plant growth and fruit production. Irrigation should not be done between 2 to 3 months before flowering and when the fruit becomes the size of a pea. Some gardeners irrigate the mango at the time of flowering and flowering, due to which the flowers fall. Therefore, it is advised not to irrigate until the fruit becomes equal to a pea. 

Summary

Mango flower management for higher yields involves a combination of strategies aimed at optimizing plant growth, managing pests and diseases, and ensuring optimal environmental conditions for flower development and pollination. Following these management practices can increase flower and fruit production, leading to higher yields and improved fruit quality. 

Dr. SK Singh Professor (Plant Pathology) and Head of the Department, Post Graduate Department of Plant Pathology, Principal Investigator, All India Fruit Research Project, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa-848 125, Samastipur, Bihar

Send feedback sksraupusa@gmail.com/sksingh@rpcau.ac.in

Chillies are very good for eating. Capsaicin chemical makes it very spicy, that is why it is used in many spices. Chillies are used in making sauce, pickles and medicines. Chillies contain adequate amounts of vitamin A, C, phosphorus and calcium. Chilli is a cash product which can be grown in any climate. By producing chillies, farmers can gain a good profit. To cultivate chillies, loamy and Sandy soil with better water channels are required, which contains high carbon content. Soils with salts and alkalis are not good for it. Farms should be prepared by ploughing 3-4 times. 1.25 to 1.50 kg of seeds are required to cultivate per hectare of land.

Seeding of chilli plants 

Let you know that per bed, mix 50 grams of forate and rotten cow dung. Treat seeds with 2 grams of Agrosan GN, thiram or the captain chemical per kilogram. Sow seeds in a queue at a distance of one inch and cover them with soil and manure. Top should be covered with straw and weeds. After the germination of seeds, weeds should be removed. Chilli plants can be sown in 25 to 35 days. Chillies should always be sown at night. During sowing, there should be a gap of 45 cm between plants and queues. Green chilli starts giving fruits in  85-95 days. Dry Red chilli should be plucked after 140-150 days when chillies become red.

Read this also:  farmers can soon earn good profit by cultivating chillies, this will be the expense

Amount of fertiliser and manure in farm

Per hectare needs 200 quintal cow dung and compost, 100 quintal nitrogen, 50 quintal phosphorus and 60 quintal potash. Before sowing, whole part of phosphorus should be given with half part nitrogen in compost. After that, the remaining amount should be given 2 times. If it rains less, then irrigation should be done in a time interval of 10 to 15 days. Crops should be irrigated after the arrival of fruits and flowers. If not irrigated, flowers and fruits become weak and small.  Plants should be kept free from weeds to achieve better production.

Dr. SK Singh Professor (Plant Pathology) and Head of the Department, Post Graduate Department of Plant Pathology, Principal Investigator, All India Fruit Research Project, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa-848 125, Samastipur, Bihar. Send feedback to sksraupusa@gmail.com/sksingh@rpcau.ac.in.

Side effects of salt in mango, also known as "sap burn", occur when salt-based fertilizers or salts in the soil come in contact with the roots of the mango tree. Symptoms include leaf burning, browning of leaf edges, and overall discoloration of leaves. Affected leaves may exhibit necrosis, leading to reduced photosynthesis and stunted growth. The adverse effect of salt hinders water uptake and absorption of nutrients, which puts stress on the mango tree. Initially, affected leaves appear wilted or scorched, resembling symptoms of drought stress. The accumulation of salt in the soil interferes with the osmotic balance within plant cells, causing further damage. 

Tip burn of mango leaves is often due to one of the three conditions, however, it is not always the first reason that plants are not getting enough water second reason is salt accumulation in the soil third reason is magnesium deficiency can be another possible reason for this problem. All of this can happen at the same time. If you water your plant regularly, you will not see tip burn of mango leaves due to lack of moisture. Typically, sporadic irrigation or excessive fluctuations in soil moisture can be a major cause, resulting in tip burn. 

Also read: How to prevent mango flowers and fruits from falling in March, Treatment of diseases of mango tree.

 It is important to manage the adverse effects of salt in mango cultivation to ensure healthy and productive orchards. Salt impaction, often caused by excessive soil salinity or salt-laden irrigation water, has detrimental effects on mango trees, leading to reduced yields and poor fruit quality.

Damage of Salts in Mango

Salt damage occurs when the concentration of soluble salts, primarily sodium and chloride ions, in soil or irrigation water exceeds the tolerance limits of mango trees. High salt levels inhibit the absorption of water and essential nutrients, causing various physical and structural problems in trees.

How to manage the side effects of salt in mango?

To effectively manage the side effects of salt, it is necessary to diagnose it accurately. Symptoms of salt side effects in mango trees include leaf burn, leaf scorch, reduced growth, and poor fruit development. Soil and water testing helps determine the extent of salt accumulation in the garden.

Also read: If the web-making (leaf web) insects in the orchards of mango, guava, litchi, and other fruits are not managed in time, huge losses will be caused.

How to manage excessive salt content in soil management?

Regular and adequate leaching is a primary way to manage soil salinity. Leaching involves the use of excess water to flush out salts deposited below the root zone. This process is achieved by using low-salt irrigation water, applying greater amounts of water, or installing drainage systems.

Select salt-tolerant rootstocks.

It is essential to choose salt-tolerant rootstocks, as they can withstand high salt levels in the soil.

Improvement in soil structure.

Enhancing soil structure by adding organic matter increases its ability to hold and release nutrients, which can reduce the negative effects of salt damage.

Irrigation management.

Regularly test irrigation water quality to monitor salt levels. High-quality water sources with low salt content are preferable. Tipburn caused by moisture fluctuations can be reduced by regularizing irrigation. Set a watering schedule for your plant and irrigate it regularly.

Drip Irrigation: 

Drip irrigation minimizes direct contact between salt-rich water and tree roots, thereby reducing salt stress. It also promotes water use efficiency.

Alternative source of water.

Consider using alternative water sources with lower salt content, such as harvested rainwater or water treatment systems to remove excess salt.

Also read: Drip sprinkler system is available with 75 percent subsidy, farmers will have to do only this work.

Use of Fertilizers.

Using properly balanced fertilizers can reduce the adverse effects of salt. Nutrient deficiencies can increase salt stress, so maintaining optimal nutrient levels is essential.

Micronutrient management.

Monitor and manage micronutrients carefully, as salt damage can affect their absorption. Foliar application of micronutrients may be necessary. This type of symptom can also be due to magnesium deficiency. To overcome this deficiency, compost should be used according to the age of the tree.

Cultural (agricultural) methods.

If drainage around the plant is poor, salt can accumulate in the soil, causing mango leaves to burn. If salt has accumulated in the soil, try watering heavily to flush the salt out of the root zone. If the soil has drainage problems, create drainage channels. In the rainy season, grow any one of Sanai, Dhaicha, Moong, Cowpea, etc. as an intercrop as a green manure crop and plow back after 50% flowering. This practice should be done for at least 4 to 5 years. Applying organic mulch around the base of mango trees helps conserve soil moisture and reduces salt accumulation on the soil surface. To correct poor soil fertility, apply adequate organic manure along with humic acid, BCA, gypsum, and decomposed organic fertilizers. Gypsum helps in improving the structure of soil. Soil is a complex mixture of inorganic particles, organic particles, and pores, water, and soil microbes.

Also read: How to protect fruit trees from waterlogging?

Spore composition changes due to weather events such as rainfall, tillage, or the withdrawal of nutrients for plant growth. Farmers have to manage their soils well to maintain good crop yields year after year. Improving soil structure helps farmers with some common agricultural problems. Mixing gypsum in the soil increases the soil's ability to absorb water after rainfall. The use of gypsum also improves soil aeration and water infiltration through the soil profile. The use of gypsum improves the movement of water. Finely ground gypsum can be mixed in irrigation water and used. Gypsum can be applied to the soil before planting or during the growth stage of the tree.

Monitoring and maintenance. 

Regular Inspection: Assess the garden periodically for signs of salt damage. With early detection, timely corrective action can be taken.

Record Keeping: Maintain records of soil testing, irrigation schedules, and orchard management practices to track changes and improvements over time.  

Salt Resistant Mango Varieties.

The discovery of salt-resistant mango varieties could be a long-term solution to salt damage. Some new mango varieties have been bred to be more tolerant of salinity conditions, and integrating these into your garden can help reduce the risk of salt damage.

Integrated Pest and Disease Management.

Mango trees affected by salt are more susceptible to pests and diseases. Use integrated pest and disease management methods to maintain tree health and reduce additional stress.

Also read: Know what are the differences between pest control and pest management.

Conclusion.

Salt damage management in mango orchards is a multifaceted approach that includes soil and water management, careful selection of rootstocks and varieties, and cultural methods. By following these guidelines, mango growers can maintain healthy orchards, increase fruit quality and yield, and reduce the harmful effects of salt stress. Regular monitoring and adjustments in management practices are important for long-term success in managing salt damage in mango cultivation.